Tuesday, January 6, 2015

The hollow Moon, and the brain of Rob Shelsky

         If you want to do any kind of successful spaceflight operation on, or near, the Moon, you absolutely need to know some facts about it. If you need to orbit it, land on it, and/or take off from it, the primary data you need are:

- Mass
- Diameter

        Once you have those two, it's a simple matter to figure out how much lunar gravity is available to keep your spacecraft in orbit, hold down your lander and maybe your astronauts, and resist your attempt to escape from it to get back home.  Well, NASA has done some pretty successful stunts up there over the years—not just Apollo but many photographic and scientific orbiters. The Russians have had their successes with the Luna and Lunakhod missions. The Chinese have Chang'e and the Jade Rabbit lander—the Indians have two Chandrayaan landers to their credit.

        So I can tell you with 100% confidence that we know how big the Moon is and how heavy it is. Here's the data:

- Mass 7.35 x 1022 kg
- Diameter (mean) 3474 km

        Since the volume of a sphere is given by 4πr3/3, it's a trivial matter to calculate:

- Volume 2.2 x 1019 cubic metres

...and from that...

- Density 3340 kg/m3 (since density = mass divided by volume)


More rubbish from George Noory
        I mention this—and I repeat, this data is not guesswork but certainty—because Coast to Coast AM last night donated three hours of broadcast time to an ignoramus called Rob Shelsky. Shelsky is described as an investigative journalist. His proposition was that the Moon is hollow, and he wanted us to know that there were three pieces of evidence for this idea. The first of them was that the overall density of the Moon was much less than it could be expected to be if the whole thing was solid.

        Well now, that's quite an easy factoid to check, now that we know with certainty what that density is. We happen to have, down here on Earth, 382 kg of moon rocks from Apollo, 326 grams from Luna, plus a few bits from meteorites. We can measure their density and see if the density of the whole Moon really is a surprise. People in white coats and face masks have indeed done that, and here's what they found:note 1

Mare basalts: 3270 - 3460 kg/m3
Feldspathic highlands rocks: 2510 - 2840 kg/m3
Breccias: 2360 - 2520 kg/m3

        We can pretty much forget the breccias because by definition they are highly porous — full of air (actually vacuum, since this is the Moon.)  Then once we realize that most of the Moon is basalt, the conclusion must be that there is no reason at all to think that the Moon is hollow on the basis of its density.

        The investigative Mr. Shelsky was perhaps misled by the fact that the overall density of the Moon is only six-tenths that of Earth. But that's because the Moon lacks that really heavy iron core that is siting there under our feet, giving us weight in addition to our inherent mass.

Like a bell
        The second part of Shelsky's "evidence" was that, when Apollo 13's SIVB upper rocket stage was deliberately crashed into the Moon, the seismometer left there by the Apollo 12 crew reacted and went on reacting for more than 10 minutes. Clive Neal, associate professor of civil engineering and geological sciences at the University of Notre Dame, entered the annals of sound-bite history by remarking that the Moon "rang like a bell." However, that has more to do with the Moon's perfect dryness than its inherent musicalitynote 2. It is not credible evidence for the hollow Moon.

Sagan
        Finally, the ill-informed Mr. Shelsky told us that even the Great Carl Sagan thought that maybe the Moon was hollow, and his co-author Ivan Shklovskii agreed. Shelsky cites Shklovskii—try saying that 12 times quickly. Wrongly, as it turns out. The booknote 3 he's thinking of speculated that Phobos, the moon of Mars, might be partly hollow. That was based on orbital data available at the time which has since been discredited. Now the error-prone Richard Hoagland is the only person who thinks Phobos is hollow, and even he would scoff at Shelsky's pseudo-data.

       Would somebody please tell George Noory and Lisa Lyon, his Exec. Producer, to stop misinforming their audience? Thank you.

==============================
[1] Kiefer, W. S., Macke, R. J., Britt, D. T., Irving, A. J., and Consolmagno, G. J. (2012) The Density and Porosity of Lunar Rocks. Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, L07201, doi: 10.1029/2012GL051319.

[2] http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/15mar_moonquakes_prt.htm

[3] Sagan, Carl, and Shklovskii, I.S. (1966) Intelligent Life In the Universe. Dell. ISBN-13: 978-0440540564

8 comments:

Steve said...

I turned the show on last night for some background noise when I went to bed. Shelsky also mentioned the moon was new, relatively speaking. I think he said it had only been around like 10-20,000 years. He also said there were ancient reports that indicated there was no moon. That was in the second hour of the show.

Going with that theory, what would capturing an object as big as the moon do to the Earth? I can't imagine anything good happening.

expat said...

Shelsky really is a child. The Apollo moonrocks have been dated with some precision, and this information has been around for 40 years now.

I imagine a late capture would have slowed the Earth's rotation rather suddenly. Things would have fallen down, Big-Time.

Steve said...

Thanks. I meant new as in new to the Earth, not new as in age. I fell asleep so I don't know what else he said about it, or what the callers had to say.

I'm not wise in the ways of astrophysics, so didn't know what effects capturing a large object would do.

jourget said...

Since Hoagie's also such a fan of sound bites (seriously, Bill Murray should start charging him royalties for his "cats and dogs living together" line), it's unsurprising that he's also appropriated the "like a bell" remark. He used that as evidence for the Moon having chambers to house its engines.

astroguy said...

I listened to him tonight while working out. Basically, everything he claimed about the moon was wrong. Everything he claimed about "well, science is NOW finding out ..." is wrong, he just made it up or heard it from someone else who made it up in order to support his idea. So if you think that he's even write about basic things, like not finding material from the impactor that made the moon, he's wrong.

Most things that I talked about in my Hollow Earth podcast episode apply here, too, such as density arguments, moment of inertia, and moonquakes.

Anonymous said...

@ expat

"Then once we realize that most of the Moon is basalt, the conclusion must be that there is no reason at all to think that the Moon is hollow on the basis of its density."

Not to a party-pooper but you do realize that your aforementioned conclusion is as well based on an assumption ? It is simply another version of that fact that there are only white swans :-)

Like you I do not fancy "soundbite science" but for me it goes either way and I you will certainly agree there numerous scientific enigma's when it comes to our good old[er] moon.

Adrian

expat said...

>> your aforementioned conclusion is as well based on an assumption<<

You mean an assumption that the density is the same all the way down? No, that's not necessary. My point is that there would have to be a very pronounced difference between the density of the whole thing and the density of the known samples for science to be forced to think in terms of a hollow Moon. But there isn't, so there's no need for such an outlandish idea.

Unknown said...

I think I'll write a book claiming that Wallace and Gromit contains a super-seekrit message (sorry, ..."STUNNING CONFIMATION"...) that NASA is hiding the fact that the Moon is made of cheese and inhabited by an ancient race of washing machines.
That the Serta Sheep commercials (also Aardman) contain a seekit message that we are all sheep to believe the CIA mind-controlled media and that the CIA and NASA conspired to burn down Aardman studios to hide the evidence.
(Remember Tom Corbett, Space Cadet?)
Now, all I have to do is figure out how to waffle about it for 3 hours without falling asleep in George Noory's lap.

Where's my book deal? Will I get a slot at the next Conscious Life Expo?

(Or maybe I should stop reading Mikey's Facebook posts)

Stay Tuned....